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What is congestion in a network?

By Sai Rohith Karanam

Before entering into this topic, you need to be aware of what MTU is.

Maximum transmission unit (MTU):
The maximum limit of data that can be sent over a network is termed as 'MTU'.
An example demonstrating MTU:
Suppose, I have 60 bytes of data to be sent from source to destination over a particular network. But, the network's MTU is only 20 bytes, which means we can send only 20 bytes of data at a time.
So, my 60 bytes of data can be sent in this way: 20+20+20

Now, let's dive into our main topic.
What if I wanted to send 30 packets at a time in the above example?
Will it be possible to send?
Of course, it will be possible, but it leads to 'congestion' in a network.

Congestion:
The condition when the amount of packets received by a network is greater than it's MTU is termed as 'congestion'.

This congestion in a network must be controlled. Otherwise, it leads to the destruction of the entire data.

There are two congestion controlling mechanisms:
→Open-loop congestion control
      →Applicable before congestion takes place.
      →Applied to prevent congestion.
→Closed-loop congestion control 
      →Applicable after congestion has occurred.
      →Tries to remove congestion in a network.

There are 3 main techniques of open-loop congestion control:
 →Re-transmission of data
 →Discarding data
 →Acknowledgement of data packets.

There are 4 main techniques of closed-loop congestion control
 →Backpressure
 →Choke packet
 →Implicit signalling
 →Explicit signalling
      →Forward signalling
      →Backward signalling

This post as a whole form our crux points. In the next post, we will learn about the techniques of closed-loop congestion control.


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